The 60-year-old Juana was captured and interrogated (hence the historic record) her portrait was painted (in a curious homage) and she was returned to slavery after two hundred lashes. After one too many attacks on the Spanish, Juana’s Matudere and other maroon settlements around Cartagena were destroyed in 1693. Such challenges were sometimes insurrectionary. Marronage threatened the institution of slavery by encouraging escapees and challenging authority. Almost since the beginning of Spanish slavery in the New World, in the early 1500s, men and women had freed themselves and gathered in mountains, swamps, and other remote locales away from their former masters creating these maroon societies. Juana and her family were some of those escaped. ![]() Matudere was a community of escaped slaves in the hinterland outside Cartagena (in today’s Colombia). ![]() Landers begins with La Virreina Juana, who was the “vice-queen” of Matudere for almost two decades. In the Spanish colonies, some previously enslaved women “leveraged linguistic, military, diplomatic, and artisan skills into citizenship and property right.”
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